Drilling for Oil and Gas

 

DRILLING

Even today seeing and feeling the rock is an irreplaceable method of

identifying deposits this still holds

true even though other more modern

methods are now used in the search for

oil and gas

if the soil analysis looks promising the

next step is to set up a drill site this

is about the size of a football pitch

the tower needed to drain the drill pipe

can soar up to 60 meters high in the sky

the beating heart is a hydraulic lift

system which maneuvers the drill pipe

it can handle loads of up to 450 tons

and more this means it could easily lift

the world's largest aircraft with 800

passengers on board the actual drive

unit would be the clear winner in a tug

of war against 120 cars

the levers are made from steel pipes and

achieved 50 to 120 rotations per minute

generating immense pressure just from

their own weight this is how the drill

bit battles through the rock meter by

meter inside the construction is hollow

like a straw so that the drilling fluid

can get right to the bottom the cycle

involves 3,000 liters a minute

equivalent to the output of 400 pressure

washers from a DIY store the drilling

fluid fulfills many functions it carries

the crushed rock upwards and cools the

drill bit but most importantly maintains

pressure in the drill hole as the

pressure needs to be slightly higher

than the ambient hydro-static pressure

this stabilizes the drilling

nevertheless there are still some

difficult situations to overcome sudden

changes in pressure are a real challenge

the pressure at a depth of 500 meters is

normally 50 bar the pressure is 200 bar

in rock layers at 2,000 meters but over

millions of years these rock layers

sometimes shift upwards

instead of 50 bar at 500 meters you

suddenly have 200 bar but thanks to the

blowout preventer the material doesn't

shoot out of the well the device

immediately seals the wellhead until the

drilling fluid has exerted enough

opposing pressure to continue working

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about the sensors behind the drill bit

allow for high precision drilling

constantly getting information about the

direction ingredient but how can we

access these measurements using a device

which can drain off excess drilling

fluid

this creates pressure pulses in the

liquid which are received at the surface

theoretically this mores code allows the

team to pinpoint a keyhole 2500 meters

away

drilling within half a meters accuracy

according to experts these deep drills

are often at depths of two to three

thousand meters but the record is a

staggering twelve thousand two hundred

sixty two meters not even the peak of

Mount Everest the highest point in the

world can compare but going in a

straight line is not always the best

option directional drilling or slant

drilling offers tremendous flexibility

you can drill in different directions

from a single starting point how does it

work

the drill bit is the only thing which

turns driven like a waterwheel by the

immense power of the drilling fluid

behind this there are telescopic control

ribs used to control two-bit angles of

up to 90 degrees are possible at a

length of 300 meters the steel of the

drill pipe has enough flexibility to

handle these curves without any problem

directional drilling is also good for

the environment as you don't need

additional well pads and can therefore

avoid further disruption to the surface

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in principle deep-sea drilling is

comparable to onshore drilling the key

difference is first overcoming the

depths of the sea

different rigs are used depending on the

water depth the main difference is how

they are fixed to the seabed for example

this can be with a solid frame or steel

cables the largest oil rig has a height

of 472 meters and would tower far above

the Empire State Building in New York

with its 102 floors special drill ships

or platforms are used when it is not

possible to fit the rig they have fast

acting pivoting propellers in

combination with satellite positioning

these replace the Anchorage and maintain

the precise position whatever the wind

or weather but whether on land or sea

whenever deep drilling hits on oil or

gas its thanks to the experts whose

knowledge and skill have identified the

right place to drill.